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Irony: The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
Stereotype: a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Allusion: an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.
Personification: The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in a human form.
Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.